Napoleon’s Internal Reforms Under the rule of the Directory dominated by the moderate bourgeoisie, the momentum of the French Revolution had begun to slow down. Internal politics became destabilized due to factional conflicts. At such a time, Napoleon was appointed First Consul of France and rose to the pinnacle of power in 1799. In his memoirs, Napoleon attached greater importance to his reforms than to his forty battles. His reforms were permanent and far-reaching. His biographers have also acknowledged that it was the French Revolution that elevated him to the height of power. However, he could not wholeheartedly accept the fundamental ideals of the Revolution—liberty, equality, and fraternity. He believed that the French (the bourgeoisie) had made the Revolution not for liberty or equality, but because their sense of pride had been wounded. Napoleon realized that over the previous ten years, significant changes had taken place in the mindset of the French people. Popular sovereignt...