ইলতুতমিশঃ দিল্লি সুলতানির প্রকৃত প্রতিষ্ঠাতা
ইলতুতমিশের সমস্যা
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Iltutmis |
সমস্যা সমাধান ও রাজনৈতিক অবদান
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ইলতুতমিসের সাম্রাজ্য |
পঞ্চমত: গজনীর রাজনীতি থেকে দিল্লি সুলতানি কে পৃথক করার জন্য তিনি বাগদাদের খলিফা আল মুস্তানসির কাছ থেকে সুলতানি সনদপত্র আনেন। নিজ নামে শিক্কা চালু করেন ও খুতবা পাঠ করেন। এইভাবে তিনি দিল্লি সুলতানির সার্বভৌমত্ত্বের সূচনা করেন, যা ফিরোজ শাহের সারবভৌম সুলতানের তালিকায়ও উল্লিখিত হয়েছে।
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Tomb of Iltutmis |
Iltutmish – The Real Founder of the Delhi Sultanate
After the death of Muhammad Ghori in 1206 CE, his conquered territories were divided among his three trusted slave-generals. Tajuddin Yildiz took control of Ghazni, Nasiruddin Qubacha acquired Multan and Uchh, and Qutbuddin Aibak assumed power over the Delhi Sultanate. During his short reign of four years, Aibak could not firmly establish the foundation of the Delhi Sultanate. However, he was successful in keeping Delhi detached from the unstable politics of Central Asia. As a result, his successor Iltutmish had to face several critical challenges, which he overcame with great skill and established a solid foundation for the Delhi Sultanate.
Therefore, Professor Mohammad Habib remarked that while Aibak laid the groundwork, Iltutmish was the true founder of the Delhi Sultanate.
Challenges Faced by Iltutmish
Upon ascending the throne, Iltutmish’s foremost rival was Aram Shah. Iltutmish defeated him in a battle at Tarain and, with the support of the Amirs of Lahore, claimed the throne of Delhi. After his coronation, he was confronted with several pressing issues:
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Nasiruddin Qubacha, the ruler of Multan and Uchh, claimed sovereignty over Punjab.
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Tajuddin Yildiz, having been driven out of Ghazni, arrived in Punjab and claimed Delhi as part of the Ghaznavid empire.
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The fierce Mongol leader Genghis Khan, while pursuing the Khwarazmian ruler Jalaluddin, reached the borders of India.
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The governors of Bengal declared their independence.
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Several local rulers, including those of Gwalior and Ranthambhore, refused to acknowledge Delhi’s authority.
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A number of discontented nobles and Amirs rebelled.
Problem-Solving and Political Achievements
Iltutmish skillfully addressed each of these problems:
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He first defeated Tajuddin Yildiz and then overpowered Nasiruddin Qubacha, who was ultimately killed. This brought Punjab under Iltutmish’s control.
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When Jalaluddin Khwarazm sought refuge while fleeing from the Mongols, Iltutmish diplomatically refused assistance, recognizing that it would provoke Mongol aggression. This prudent decision protected the fragile Delhi Sultanate from a Mongol invasion.
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Iltutmish launched a campaign against Ghiyasuddin Iwaz, the rebellious governor of Bengal. Although Iwaz initially submitted without conflict, he declared independence again as soon as Iltutmish left Bengal. Eventually, Iltutmish sent his son Nasiruddin to suppress him. Iwaz was defeated and killed. However, Bengal continued to rebel against Delhi's authority from time to time.
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He recovered Kalijar, Ajmer, Gwalior, the Doab region, Bayana, and other areas in eastern Rajasthan that had been lost during Aram Shah’s reign. Iltutmish also restored internal stability by suppressing rebellious nobles.
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In order to free the Delhi Sultanate from Ghazni’s political shadow, Iltutmish sought recognition from the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mustansir of Baghdad. He introduced coins in his own name and had the khutba (Friday sermon) read in his honor — a mark of sovereignty. This recognition initiated the concept of the Delhi Sultanate's independent sovereignty, later reaffirmed in the reign of Firuz Shah.
Administrative and Cultural Contributions
Iltutmish made significant contributions to the internal structure of the Sultanate. He:
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Laid the foundations of provincial administration, military organization, and monetary system.
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Formed a council of forty trusted nobles, known as the Chalisa or Chahalgani, to assist in governance.
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Encouraged cultural development, completing the construction of the Qutub Minar begun by Qutbuddin Aibak and undertaking other architectural works.
Conclusion
From maintaining internal peace and law and order, ensuring external security, developing a well-structured administrative system, to asserting sovereignty, Iltutmish's reign marks a turning point in the history of the Delhi Sultanate. Therefore, considering all these aspects, Iltutmish is rightly regarded as the true founder of the Delhi Sultanate.
ভারতের জাতীয়তাবাদ সংক্রান্ত মার্কসীয় ও সাবঅলটার্ন ঐতিহাসিকদের বক্তব্য- এই বিষয়ের আলোচনা করলে খুব উপকৃত হবো। ধন্যবাদ
উত্তরমুছুনশীঘ্রই আলোচনা করার চেষ্টা করব। মন্তব্য করার জন্য ধন্যবাদ।
উত্তরমুছুনভালো থাকবেন।