আদি মধ্যযুগের ইতিহাস চর্চায় সাহিত্যিক উপাদান | Literary Sources in the Study of Early Medieval History
আদি মধ্যযুগের ইতিহাস চর্চায় সাহিত্যিক উপাদান
Literary Sources in the Study of Early Medieval History
The period from the 7th to the 12th century in India is known as the Early Medieval Age. The only historical text from this era is Rajatarangini. However, despite the scarcity of historical texts, historical studies were not impossible. The abundance of literary sources, inscriptions, and coins greatly aided in reconstructing the history of this period.
Indigenous accounts
Biographical Literature: A Major Source
The most significant source for the Early Medieval period is biographical literature. Numerous charitas (biographies) were composed to glorify kings. Bilhana wrote Vikramankadevacharita, chronicling the life of the Chalukya king Vikramaditya VI. Sandhyakar Nandi authored Ramacharita, a dual-narrative text that simultaneously describes the life of the Pala king Ramapala and the epic hero Ramachandra. The Jain scholar Jayasimha composed Kumarapalacharita, detailing the life of the Chalukya ruler Kumarapala. Padmagupta wrote Navasahasankacharita, narrating the life of the Sindh king Navasahasanka. Additionally, Prithviraj Raso by Chand Bardai is another important work. However, the impartiality of these biographies remains questionable, as they often exhibit bias in favor of their patrons. Hence, historians must exercise caution while using these sources.
Puranas as Historical Sources
Several Puranas were composed during this period, totaling eighteen in number. While not all contain historical data, some provide valuable insights. The Brihaddharma Purana, Brahmavaivarta Purana, and Bhagavata Purana shed light on the socio-economic history of eastern India, particularly Bengal. The Skanda Purana offers details about western India’s social and cultural history. Historian Ram Sharan Sharma’s theory of feudalism heavily relies on Puranic evidence. Additionally, commentaries (Tikas and Bhashyas) on Dharmashastras from this period are also significant.
Regional History: Kalhana’s Rajatarangini
The finest example of regional history is Kalhana’s Rajatarangini, the only scientific historical text of that era. Kalhana meticulously collected and analyzed data, maintaining historical objectivity. His work provides a reliable account of Kashmir’s history from the 7th to the 12th century, though he admitted his inability to reconstruct pre-7th-century history due to a lack of sources. Inspired by Kalhana, attempts were made to write regional histories of Gujarat and Nepal. Someshvara wrote Rasamala and Kirtikaumudi, Merutunga composed Prabandha Chintamani, and Balachandra authored Vasant Vilas. However, none match Rajatarangini in credibility, as they mix history with legends. In Nepal, Banshavali was written, but its information must be used cautiously.
Works on Agriculture, Crafts, and Trade
Certain texts provide insights into contemporary agriculture, craftsmanship, and commerce. Krishisukti and Krishi Parashara are notable agricultural treatises. Deshinamamala contains information about merchants, while Manasollasa, written by Someshvara, offers details on contemporary architecture.
Foreign Accounts
Chinese Sources
Many Chinese travelers visited India due to their interest in Buddhism and left valuable records. Yijing wrote Gaofa Sengzhuan after his travels. During Harsha’s reign, Xuanzang visited India and composed Si-Yu-Ki, which not only discusses Buddhism but also provides crucial political history of North India under Harsha, though it shows bias in favor of the king. Another work, Zhu-Fan-Zhi by Zhao Rugua, mentions contemporary ports, trade centers, and commercial goods.
Arab Sources
Arab writers contributed significantly to Early Medieval Indian history. Chachnama, by an anonymous Arab author, describes the Arab conquest of Sindh. Al-Biladhuri’s writings are also noteworthy. The Arab merchant Sulaiman visited India in 851 CE and wrote Silsilat al-Tawarikh, documenting the Pala Empire (which he called Ruhma) and its conflicts with the Pratiharas. Al-Masudi, a resident of Baghdad, traveled through Gujarat and praised the might of the Pratihara rulers (whom he referred to as Al-Juzr). Abu Nasr bin Utbi’s Kitab-ul-Yamini provides details about Subuktigin and Sultan Mahmud’s invasions of India. Baihaqi’s Tarikh-i-Mahmudi chronicles Mahmud’s life. The geographer Al-Idrisi (often called the "Pliny of the East") wrote Al-Mustakh, describing Arab rule in Sindh and its ports like Debal, Mansura, and Alor.
Al-Biruni’s Kitab-ul-Hind
The most famous Arab traveler of this period was Al-Biruni, who came to India with Mahmud of Ghazni. His Kitab-ul-Hind attempts an objective study of Indian religion and philosophy, though it lacks political details. He extensively discusses astronomy, geography, and metaphysics. A drawback of his work is his reliance on textual knowledge rather than direct observation.
Limitations of Literary Sources
Literary sources are not without flaws. Court poets often exhibited bias, foreign travelers sometimes lacked direct experience, and their reliance on hearsay led to inaccuracies. Additionally, distortions crept in during translations and transcriptions over time. Nevertheless, literary sources remain indispensable for studying Early Medieval history. Kalhana’s Rajatarangini and Al-Biruni’s Kitab-ul-Hind stand out as unparalleled contributions to this era’s historiography.
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