শাসক হিসেবে হুমায়ূনের কর্তৃত্বের আলোচনা কর?
শাসক হিসেবে হুমায়ূন কি কি সমস্যার সম্মুখীন হয়েছিল? সেগুলি সমাধানে তিনি কতটা সফল হয়ে ছিলেন?
হুমায়ুনের সমস্যাসমূহ
হুমায়ুনের ভাগ্যবিপর্যয়য়
Humayun’s Authority as a Ruler and the Challenges of His Reign
Humayun ascended the throne on 30 December 1530, four days after the death of his father, Babur. The brief delay in succession, as historians suggest, was caused by the competing claim of Babur’s brother-in-law, Mehdi Khwaja, who emerged as a contender for the throne. Following his accession, Humayun was immediately confronted with numerous challenges, many of which he proved unable to resolve effectively. Defeated by the Afghan leader Sher Khan (later Sher Shah), he spent fifteen years in exile in Persia before regaining the throne by overcoming Sher Shah’s weaker successors.
Problems Confronting Humayun
The empire inherited by Humayun extended from parts of Central Asia to Punjab, Multan, Uttar Pradesh, Gwalior, Dholpur, Bayana, and Chanderi. While Babur had subdued the Afghan chieftains, he had not completely eradicated their power. The Rajputs, too, remained only temporarily subdued. The Afghans reorganized around Mahmud Lodi, the brother of Ibrahim Lodi, while Sher Khan established a formidable power base in Bengal and Bihar. Nusrat Shah of Bengal offered support to the Afghans, and Bahadur Shah of Gujarat also opposed Humayun by granting asylum to the Afghan noble Alam Khan Lodi.
Factionalism further destabilized the court. Although Humayun divided the empire among his brothers—Kamran, Askari, and Hindal—according to Babur’s instructions, each remained ambitious for supreme authority. Two cousins, Muhammad Jamal and Muhammad Sultan, harbored similar aspirations. Mehdi Khwaja, with the support of Babur’s vizier Nizamuddin Khalifa, even conspired to seize the throne. The Mughal army itself, composed of Turks, Uzbeks, Persians, and Afghans, lacked cohesion.
Given these circumstances, it was exceedingly difficult for a ruler of Humayun’s disposition—marked by kindness, leniency, and forgiveness—to preserve imperial stability. Despite his intellectual accomplishments, political awareness, and military training, his reign was ultimately overshadowed by misfortune.
Humayun’s Misfortunes
The principal recruitment ground for the Mughal army was Central Asia. However, in distributing territories among his brothers, Humayun entrusted Kabul, Kandahar, and western Punjab to Kamran, who proved his most implacable rival. This effectively deprived Humayun of vital military resources.
His first campaign, directed against Kalinjar, was abandoned in exchange for a monetary settlement when reports of an Afghan resurgence in the east demanded his attention. Historians note that had Humayun pursued a policy of diplomacy to secure Kalinjar as a subordinate ally, he might have gained long-term advantages. In 1532, he inflicted defeat upon the Afghans at the Battle of Daurah, and when Sher Khan sought refuge in the fortress of Chunar, Humayun besieged it. After four months, however, he abandoned the siege on the strength of Sher Khan’s verbal promise of loyalty, being compelled to redirect his attention toward Bahadur Shah of Gujarat. According to the Cambridge historian John Richards, Humayun’s failure to eliminate Sher Khan at this juncture was the gravest error of his career.
Meanwhile, Kamran had seized Lahore, Multan, and Hisar, but Humayun, moved by fraternal affection, acquiesced in his claims. During this period, both Sher Khan and Bahadur Shah consolidated their power. Though Humayun defeated Bahadur Shah at Mandasor in 1535, he neither destroyed him nor secured an alliance. Instead, he delegated the administration of Gujarat to his brother Askari and returned to Delhi, enabling Bahadur Shah to reassert his control over Gujarat soon afterward.
In 1537, Humayun renewed his struggle against Sher Khan, capturing Chunar but losing six valuable months while Sher Khan advanced into Bengal. By the time Humayun seized Gauda, Sher Khan had retreated to Bihar. Rather than pursue his enemy, Humayun squandered another six months in Bengal during the monsoon, allowing Sher Khan to secure Benares, Jaunpur, and Chunar, thereby severing Humayun’s route to Delhi. At Chausa in 1539, Humayun suffered a catastrophic defeat, barely escaping with his life. The following year, he faced Sher Khan again at the Battle of Kannauj, where he was decisively routed. Sher Khan then occupied Delhi and Agra, forcing Humayun into exile in Persia.
After fifteen years, Humayun returned during the reign of Sher Shah’s weaker successors. With the assistance of Bairam Khan, he achieved victories at Sirhind and Machhiwara in 1555, regaining Delhi and Agra. Yet his restoration was short-lived, for he died within a year, plunging the empire once again into uncertainty.
In evaluating the causes of Humayun’s failures, historians often attribute greater responsibility to his own temperament than to Sher Khan’s prowess. Though learned and militarily competent, Humayun lacked the decisiveness and swiftness of action necessary to confront an adversary of Sher Khan’s caliber. His habitual procrastination, excessive generosity, and undue leniency repeatedly undermined his campaigns. Had he displayed greater firmness and pragmatism in decision-making, the tragic course of his reign might have been averted.
Thank you sir.
উত্তরমুছুনThank you🙏sir.
উত্তরমুছুন