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ধর্মপালের অবদান
দেবপালের অবদান
Political Contributions of Dharmapala and Devapala
One
of the key features of early medieval India was the rise of regional powers.
Among the major regional powers that emerged during this period was the Pala Empire of
eastern India. The Pala dynasty was founded by Gopala (750-775 CE). The Khalimpur Copper Plate reveals
that Gopala was elected king by the nobility of Bengal to end the
anarchic Matsyanyaya period, thus marking the beginning of Pala
rule. The dream of establishing a powerful empire centered around Bengal,
which Shashanka had envisioned, was realized under the
Palas. The two greatest rulers of the Pala dynasty were Dharmapala and Devapala.
Contributions of Dharmapala
Dharmapala
(775-810 CE), the son of Gopala, was the first powerful ruler of the Pala
dynasty. The political significance of his reign lies in his participation in
the Tripartite
Struggle for Kannauj, through which he established a vast empire in
northern India with Bengal as its core.
The
three factions in the Tripartite Struggle were the Palas of Eastern
India, the Pratiharas of Western India, the Rashtrakutas of the
Deccan. Dharmapala's involvement in this conflict can be divided into two
phases:
First Phase: Dharmapala fought against Pratihara king Vatsaraja for
control of Kannauj but was defeated. Meanwhile, Rashtrakuta king Dhruva invaded
northern India, defeating Vatsaraja and later Dharmapala (as mentioned in
the Sanjan
Copper Plate). However, after Dhruva returned to the Deccan, Dharmapala
regained dominance. He expelled Indrayudha (Vatsaraja’s
nominee) from Kannauj and installed his own vassal, Chakrayudha, on the
throne.
Second Phase: In the early 9th century, Pratihara king Nagabhata II formed
alliances with rulers of Sindh, Andhra, Vidarbha, and Kalinga, attacked
Kannauj, and ousted Chakrayudha. Dharmapala was also defeated. However, Rashtrakuta king Govinda III intervened,
defeated Nagabhata, and forced Dharmapala and Chakrayudha to submit. Once
Govinda III retreated, Dharmapala reasserted his authority.
Despite these setbacks, Dharmapala organized a grand assembly at
Kannauj, where rulers from Bhoja, Matsya, Madra, Kuru, Yadu, Yavana, Avanti, Gandhara, and
Kira acknowledged his supremacy. The Gujarati poet Soddhala referred
to him as "Uttarapathasvami" (Lord of Northern India).
Though
Dharmapala could not maintain his empire for long, he initiated the imperial
ambitions that Shashanka had envisioned for Bengal.
Contributions of Devapala
Devapala
(810-850 CE), the son and successor of Dharmapala, expanded the Pala Empire to
its greatest extent. He assumed imperial titles like Parameshvara,
Parambhattaraka, and Maharajadhiraja.
Military Campaigns: The Badal Pillar Inscription of Narayanapala states
that Devapala, aided by his minister Darbhapani, forced
rulers from the Himalayas to the Vindhyas and from the eastern to the western seas to pay
tribute. His minister Kedarmishra helped him subdue the Huns, Utkalas, Dravidas, and
Gurjara-Pratiharas. His elephant forces marched
through the Vindhyan forests, and his cavalry reached Kamboja
(modern Afghanistan). The Munger Copper Plate mentions
his victory over a "Dravida-natha" (likely a Pandya
king, Sri Mara Sri Vallabha, rather than Rashtrakuta king
Amoghavarsha, as per R.C. Majumdar).
Conflict with the Pratiharas: Devapala defeated the weak Pratihara
king Rambhadra. Later,
under Pratihara king Bhoja I, the conflict resumed. Though
the Gwalior
Inscription claims Bhoja’s victory, most historians believe Devapala
ultimately prevailed.
Foreign Relations: Sailendra king Balaputradeva of Sumatra requested
Devapala’s patronage for building a monastery at Nalanda, to which he
donated five villages. The Afghan Buddhist
scholar Viradeva of Jalalabad was appointed head of Nalanda
at Devapala’s request. The Arab traveler Sulaiman visited his empire, describing
it as "Ruhma" and praising its massive army.
Conclusion
Dharmapala
laid the foundation of Bengal-centric imperialism, while Devapala expanded the
Pala Empire to its zenith, establishing its dominance in northern India and
maintaining diplomatic ties with Southeast Asia. Their reigns marked the golden
age of the Pala dynasty.
Thank you sir
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