সুলতান মামুদ ও মহম্মদ ঘরির ভারত আক্রমণের চরিত্রগত পার্থক্য | Characteristic Differences Between the Invasions of Sultan Mahmud and Muhammad Ghori
সুলতান মামুদ ও মহম্মদ ঘরির ভারত আক্রমণের চরিত্রগত পার্থক্য
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বামদিকে মামুদ ডানদিকে ঘরি |
The Characteristic Differences Between the Invasions of Sultan Mahmud and Muhammad Ghori
After the Arab conquest of Sindh, there were no Muslim political invasions in India for nearly 300 years. During this time, internal discord and conflicts had fragmented India into many small kingdoms, making it impossible for them to organize a united resistance. Beginning in 1000 CE, two successive Turkish invasions took place on Indian soil, which ultimately led to the establishment of the Sultanate Empire in India. The first was carried out by Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni (1000–1030), and the second by Muhammad Ghori (1175–1202).
If we compare the invasions of Mahmud (left) and Ghori (right), several key differences in their nature become evident:
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Military Success and Resistance:
Mahmud invaded India 17 times (according to Cambridge historians), and none of the Indian rulers could effectively resist him. On the other hand, Muhammad Ghori was defeated twice—once by the Baghela dynasty in Gujarat, and again in the First Battle of Tarain (1191) by Prithviraj Chauhan. In this respect, Mahmud was more militarily successful than Ghori. -
Purpose of Invasion:
Mahmud was essentially a plunderer. His primary objective was loot and plunder. He had no intention of establishing an empire. Apart from capturing Multan and Punjab as entry points, he showed little interest in permanent conquest. In contrast, Muhammad Ghori aimed to establish an empire in India. Even after repeated defeats, he did not give up and returned with renewed strength. Therefore, unlike Mahmud’s raids, Ghori’s invasions had a tendency toward establishing rule rather than looting and leaving. -
Religious Motives and Temple Raids:
Mahmud has been more widely accused of attacking and desecrating religious sites, such as the Somnath temple and Chakraswami temple in Thaneshwar. Many consider these actions to reflect religious fanaticism. However, modern historians argue that his motives were not religious but material, driven by the desire for wealth, and that Islam does not advocate destruction of others' places of worship. On the other hand, Muhammad Ghori is known for very few instances of religious destruction, limited to a few idols destroyed in Ajmer and Varanasi, and there are no major allegations of attacks on Indian culture.
Despite these differences, there are several similarities between the two:
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Neither Mahmud nor Ghori was a religious fanatic, and their invasions were not driven by religious motives.
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Neither attempted widespread conversion to Islam, not even of defeated Hindu kings.
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Both employed Hindu officials in their administrations, and did not mistreat defeated subordinate Hindu rulers.
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Both were patrons of art and culture. In this regard, Mahmud—often wrongly portrayed as an illiterate raider—was notable. He founded madrasas, maktabs, mosques, museums, and libraries, and supported philosophy and science, making him a key figure in the Persian cultural renaissance
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