কামসূত্রে বর্ণিত গুপ্তযুগে নাগরকদের জীবনচর্যা | The Life of Nagarakas in the Gupta Era as Depicted in the Kamasutra
কামসূত্রে বর্ণিত গুপ্তযুগে নাগরকদের জীবনচর্যা
The Life of Nagarakas in the Gupta Era as Depicted in the Kamasutra
During the Gupta era, the affluent urban dwellers were referred to as Nagarakas. The Kamasutra, written by Vatsyayana, provides a captivating account of their lifestyle. These Nagarakas were wealthy individuals who had amassed great fortunes through agricultural surplus and successful trade enterprises. Their prosperity was reflected in their daily lives, which were marked by a blend of luxury, indulgence, and refined cultural tastes.
Residence and Living Arrangements
The Nagarakas resided in lavish mansions. The inner quarters were designated for women, and each room served a specific purpose. The bedroom typically contained two comfortable beds with pillows, along with wall niches and shelves that housed musical instruments (such as the Veena), painting materials, books, and garlands. The floor had spittoons and designated areas for playing dice and chess. A pillared veranda surrounded the house, with colorful artwork adorning the walls. The floor was often made of precious stones or decorative tiles.
The front yard featured gardens filled with flowers and fruit-bearing trees, and within these gardens, there was a waterfront summer house, designed for relaxation during the hot season. Additionally, a bird sanctuary was often part of the estate.
Daily Routine of the Nagaraka
The Nagaraka’s day began with waking up and performing morning rituals. Afterward, they applied sandalwood-scented perfumes and dressed while gazing into a mirror. They then chewed betel leaves and proceeded with their daily affairs.
Before lunch, they took a bath, following a specific bathing routine:
- Body massage every alternate day
- Application of soap or cleansing foam every two days
- Shaving every three days
They typically ate twice a day, often accompanied by a special beverage and sweets.
After lunch, they engaged in leisure activities, such as:
- Teaching birds to mimic speech
- Watching cockfights
- Conversing with friends
Following this, they would take a short afternoon nap.
Evening Social Life
In the evening, Nagarakas visited social gatherings known as "Goshti", which were similar to modern clubs. Here, they engaged in:
- Intellectual discussions
- Displaying their skills in various arts
- Enjoying food and drinks
Sometimes, these gatherings took place in the houses of courtesans (Ganika). Delivering eloquent speeches in refined Sanskrit was considered a matter of great prestige.
Additionally, every month, a Nagaraka assembly was held at the temple of Saraswati, where singers, dancers, and artists received generous rewards.
Nighttime Entertainment and Companionship
At night, Nagarakas enjoyed:
- Vocal and instrumental music
- Occasionally, dance performances
They were then joined by their companions, with whom they engaged in affectionate conversations. Sometimes, a courtesan would become particularly fond of a specific Nagaraka and would remain exclusive to him (Ekaparigraha). However, it is important to note that Nagarakas also had a married life, where their wives were expected to be ideal spouses.
Festivals and Extravagant Pastimes
Beyond their routine, Nagarakas occasionally went on excursions, hosted drinking parties, arranged picnics, or organized water sports in artificial lakes. They were always accompanied by courtesans or female companions.
During social festivals, they sometimes stayed awake all night playing dice. Popular festivals among them included:
- Vasant Utsav (Spring Festival)
- Holi
- Hindola Utsav
Decline of the Nagaraka Class
Ultimately, this elite urban class disappeared after the Gupta era, marking the end of an opulent and culturally vibrant way of life.
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