প্রাচীন ভারতে কারিগরি উৎপাদন: খ্রিঃ পূঃ তৃতীয় শতক থেকে খ্রিঃ চতুর্থ শতক | Artisanal Production in Ancient India: From the 3rd Century BCE to the 4th Century CE
প্রাচীন ভারতে কারিগরি উৎপাদন: খ্রিঃ পূঃ তৃতীয় শতক থেকে খ্রিঃ চতুর্থ শতক
Artisanal Production in Ancient India: From the 3rd Century BCE to the 4th Century CE
Between the 3rd century BCE and the 4th century CE, the Kushanas and Satavahanas dominated the political landscape of the Indian subcontinent. This period witnessed significant advancements in various economic sectors. Although political conflicts existed, they did not adversely affect the economy. On the contrary, with the relaxation of state control over the economy, which had been prominent during the Mauryan era, artisanal production and trade gained new momentum. Contemporary sources provide evidence of this progress.
One of the most notable artisanal professions during this period was carpentry. Carpenters were referred to as badhaki. According to the Jataka tales, a village near Varanasi had a large community of carpenters who collected timber from nearby forests, crafted various items, and sold them in the markets of Varanasi. Bamboo artisans were called baskara, and those specializing in cane work were known as kenachika. Although they shared the same raw material source, the existence of distinct craftsmen indicates a high degree of specialization. Perfume makers were referred to as gandhika in contemporary literature, also known as subasaka. Similarly, malakara were garland makers. Historian D.D. Kosambi classified the industries of perfume and garland-making as luxury trades, which is understandable given the humid climate of India, where fragrances were widely used.
The textile industry was the most prominent sector in ancient India. An inscription from Nasik mentions tantis or kaulikas (weavers). Another inscription from Mathura refers to a guild called pravarika, possibly associated with the production of a special type of fabric known as pravar. According to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, Ter and Paithan were major centers of textile production in South India. Excavations in Ter have revealed large dyeing vats, confirming the presence of a dyeing industry. The Jataka tales also describe dyeing as a distinct trade, referring to dyers as rangakara. Archaeological evidence of such dyeing industries has been found at Arikamedu in Tamil Nadu. The most valuable and sought-after fabric was muslin, produced in Ujjain, Varanasi, and Bengal. Greek sources specifically mention the superior quality of muslin from Bengal.
Among highly skilled artisans, blacksmiths were significant. They produced iron tools and objects. Archaeological evidence suggests that iron usage in daily life and agricultural production was increasing during this period. Another essential craft was pottery. Buddhist literature and archaeological findings indicate widespread and diverse use of earthenware.
In addition to essential goods, various luxury items were also produced during this period. Dantakara were ivory carvers, and according to Ptolemy’s Geography, Dantapura was a major center for ivory craftsmanship. Archaeological evidence of ivory artifacts has been found in Begram, Afghanistan. The jewelry industry was also prominent, with references to suvarnakara (goldsmiths) and manikara (gem artisans) in inscriptions from Mathura.
The state also played a role in artisanal production, particularly in the mining and mineral industries. Ptolemy’s Geography mentions a place called Kosha, known for its diamond mines, likely located east of Malwa, in the ancient region of Dasharna. The inscriptions of the Satavahanas, Shakas, and Kushanas mention this area. Historian B.B. Mukherjee suggested that the name Kosha originated from its association with diamond mining. The control over this region was a matter of contention among these three powers.
Another important mineral resource was vaidurya (beryl). According to Ptolemy, Punata was a significant source of beryl, possibly located near present-day Coimbatore in Tamil Nadu. The pearl industry was also under state control, particularly in the Tamil Nadu region of Korkai. According to the Periplus, the Pandya rulers directly managed pearl fisheries. Convicts sentenced to death were sometimes employed as pearl divers.
Salt production was another industry under state control. Ancient texts frequently mention taxation on salt production. During the Satavahana period, tax exemptions were granted for salt in agrahara donations, suggesting that a tax system for salt was in place. One historian remarked that the revenue collected from the Salt Range in present-day Pakistan exceeded that of a diamond mine.
From the above discussion, it is evident that private enterprise in artisanal production increased during this period, largely due to the reduction of state control. This led to an unprecedented expansion in the variety and volume of artisanal production.
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