পরবর্তী বৈদিক যুগের রাজনৈতিক অবস্থা
Political Situation in the Later Vedic Period
In the Later Vedic Period, the political situation becomes gradually complex. With the establishment of a stable agrarian society in the Later Vedic era, social development continues. The evolution of this development gradually contributes to the complexity of the political system in the later Vedic era. The power of rulers continues to increase gradually. From the Aitareya Brahmana, it is known that after the defeat of the Devas in their battle with the Asuras, the Devas felt the need for a king. They chose Indra as their king. According to these accounts, historians like Beni Prasad opined that Devas felt the necessity of King due to the purpose of leadership. However, the power of the king gradually becomes unchecked. Samrat, Ekrat, and other powerful titles were assumed by them. References in subsequent Vedic literature to rituals like Ashwamedha, Rajasuya, etc., hint at the increase of political power. They were the rulers of the land, hence Kshatriyas. They consumed the wealth of the people. They are mentioned as the lords of the entire earth and all living beings in contemporary literature. It is observed that through Vedic sacrifices, kings were becoming divine, meaning they were claiming divine rights of kingship. Their appointment is gradually becoming hereditary.
Administrative complexity also gradually increased. Those who assisted the ruler were known as Ratnins in the subsequent Vedic literature. They included Senanis, the commanders of the army; Bhagadugha, those who divided the royal portion; and Akshabapa, those who held the royal pasha. Many believe that these Ratnins somewhat restrained the ruler's power, while the priests who performed various sacrifices possibly contributed to the contraction of the ruler's power.
For those, rulers' power did not become unchecked, the roles of assemblies and councils, named Sabha and Samiti, became significant. The Vidathas of Rigveda are incorporated in subsequent Vedic literature. It was once thought that Sabha and Samiti were the same institution, but in Atharva Veda, Sabha and Samiti are referred to as the two daughters of Prajapati, indicating that they were separate entities. Kashi Prasad Jayaswal, in his contemporary nationalist fervor, tried to show the Indian origin of democracy by portraying Sabha as the higher class and Samiti as the lower class. This theory is not widely accepted. Modern research indicates that while wealthy persons participated in the Sabha, where entertainment like gambling took place, the political character of the Samiti was genuine. In the Samiti, all community members and the ruler participated. Various issues related to war or the community, even the important political issue of bringing back an exiled feudal lord ruler, were discussed there.
In a society, the presence of the
ruling group and the military force regularly collecting tribute is essential.
In subsequent Vedic literature, the ruler is described as Ballihrit, meaning
one who speaks or acts and collects. In this era, the ruler was supposed to
regularly collect tribute, but the exact amount is not specified. However, it
is evident that in the subsequent Vedic era, as the society gradually moved
towards a clan-based political life, the path of monarchy was becoming
prominent.
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