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Causes of Détente
From the 1960s onward, the two rival superpowers — the United States and the Soviet Union — gradually adopted a policy of peaceful coexistence by reducing tensions and conflicts between them. This policy in bilateral relations between the USA and the USSR came to be known in international politics as Détente. Scholars of international politics believe that the contemporary global situation compelled both sides to adopt this policy. The major causes of Détente are discussed below.
1. Nuclear Arms Race and Security Concerns
Both the United States and the Soviet Union were nuclear powers. Each side realized the harsh reality that unless the nuclear arms race was controlled, it would neither guarantee their security nor allow economic progress. Another serious issue was the increasing number of countries becoming nuclear-capable. Britain, France, and China successfully developed nuclear weapons, while countries outside the UN Security Council such as Israel, South Africa, India, Pakistan, and Iraq were also making rapid progress in nuclear research. Under these circumstances, both superpowers felt compelled to adopt the policy of Détente.
2. Internal Problems and Economic Pressure in the United States
Certain domestic problems and economic pressures forced the United States to move toward Détente. On one hand, the prolonged and unsuccessful Vietnam War created enormous financial burdens, and on the other hand, the United States had long been providing financial assistance to Western European countries under the Marshall Plan. As a result, the American economy began to weaken. The value of the U.S. dollar declined, and interest rates increased. In this situation, the United States also attempted to establish trade relations with Eastern Europe.
3. Problems within the Soviet Union
The Soviet Union also faced several internal and external challenges. In Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Poland, movements demanding liberalization emerged against Soviet domination. Under Mao Zedong, Communist China criticized Soviet expansionism and Khrushchev’s revisionist policies, leading to deterioration in Sino-Soviet relations. At the same time, the Soviet economy was severely affected, mainly because of excessive military expenditure. Consequently, the Soviet Union was compelled to move toward military compromise and peaceful coexistence.
4. Influence of the Non-Aligned Movement
The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) of Third World countries accelerated the emergence of Détente. The fundamental principle of non-alignment was peaceful coexistence. Non-aligned countries attempted to build world public opinion in favor of reducing Cold War tensions and promoting peace. This growing international pressure also influenced both the Soviet Union and the United States.
5. Rise of Multipolarity
From the 1960s onward, besides the United States and the Soviet Union, China emerged as a third major power. France and Britain regained strength, and West Germany also became economically and politically powerful. In Eastern Europe, countries such as Yugoslavia and Albania even dared to oppose Soviet influence. As a result, world politics gradually shifted from bipolarity to multipolarity. The existence of multiple centers of power compelled both the United States and the Soviet Union to become more flexible in their foreign policies.
6. Gorbachev’s Policies
After 1985, Soviet-American relations improved considerably due to the policies of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. His new political ideas, based on Glasnost (openness) and Perestroika (restructuring), carried a strong message of compromise and cooperation. The main principles of Gorbachev’s policy included:
replacing balance of power with balance of mutual interests,
promoting cooperation instead of conflict,
encouraging internationalization instead of rigid state control,
emphasizing disarmament rather than arms buildup,
and most importantly, promoting Détente instead of Cold War hostility.
Thus, Gorbachev’s reforms significantly contributed to the strengthening of Détente between the two superpowers.
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