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Kaivarta Rebellion
During the reign of Mahipala II, a Kaivarta rebellion broke out in the Varendra region under the leadership of a high-ranking official named Divya. As a result of this revolt, Mahipala II was killed, and Varendra came under Divya’s control. A detailed account of the Kaivarta rebellion is found in Ramacharita by Sandhyakaranandi. Additionally, copperplate inscriptions such as the Kamauli copperplate of Kumarapala, the Manahali copperplate of Madanapala, and the Belwa copperplate of Bhojavarman are also notable sources.
From Ramacharita, we learn that during Mahipala II’s reign, fourteen feudal lords jointly revolted, leading to the king’s defeat and death in battle. Initially, Divya supported the king, but when he saw that defeat was inevitable, he switched sides and seized power. Sandhyakaranandi, therefore, referred to Divya as a bandit and a title-seeker, and described his betrayal as an impure religious revolution.
There is debate among historians regarding the nature of the Kaivarta Rebellion. Professor R. S. Sharma identified the Kaivartas as peasants and considered the revolt an example of a peasant uprising. Professor Haraprasad Shastri, who discovered the Ramacharita manuscript, stated that the Kaivartas were oppressed under Mahipala II’s rule, and the rebellion was a protest against that oppression. In contrast, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar believed that this was merely a typical feudal revolt, similar to others that occurred when central authority weakened and feudal lords declared independence. According to him, there was no element of royal oppression. Professor Niharranjan Ray considered the Kaivartas to be fishermen, and suggested that the Buddhist Pala rulers interfered with their livelihood, prompting the rebellion — a view shared by several scholars. However, Abdul Matin Chowdhury pointed out that at the time, there was little significant difference between Buddhism and Hinduism in practice.
In
conclusion, the Kaivarta Rebellion demonstrated that feudal powers were
increasingly becoming a threat to the monarchy, and the lower strata of society
were adopting a rebellious character in pursuit of social recognition. Divya’s
support primarily came from the lower classes, and the fact that his dynasty
ruled for three generations indicates that he enjoyed genuine popular support.
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