কেলভিনবাদ
লুথারের সংস্কার আন্দোলনের সময় যে মতবাদ প্রচার করেছিলেন তার প্রকৃতি ছিল অনেকটাই রক্ষণশীল, কিন্তু ষোড়শ শতকের মাঝামাঝি সময়ে ইউরোপের বিভিন্ন দেশে বিশেষ করে ইংল্যান্ড, জার্মানি, ফ্রান্সে radical সংস্কার আন্দোলনের সূচনা হয়েছিল। যেখানে অত্যাচারী শাসকের বিরুদ্ধে সক্রিয় প্রতিরোধের অধিকার অনুমোদিত হয়েছিল। আর এই সংস্কার আন্দোলনের একটি উল্লেখযোগ্য চরিত্র ছিলেন জন কেলভিন।কেলভিন প্রথমদিকে লুথারের মত প্রতিরোধী তত্ত্বে বিশ্বাসী থাকলেও পরবর্তীকালে কেলভিনের কিছু radical অনুগামী অত্যাচারী শাসকের বিরুদ্ধে সাধারণ মানুষকে ব্যক্তিগত ও দলবদ্ধভাবে প্রতিরোধের অধিকার দিয়েছিল।
Calvinism – John Calvin
While Martin Luther’s Reformation movement was largely conservative in nature, by the mid-16th century, a more radical wave of reform had begun to spread across various parts of Europe, especially in England, Germany, and France. This new wave of the Reformation approved the right to actively resist tyrannical rulers. One of the most prominent figures of this radical reform movement was John Calvin.
Although Calvin initially believed in passive obedience like Luther, later some of his more radical followers granted individuals and groups the right to resist oppressive rulers. Calvin’s teachings and doctrines represent the most vivid strand of Protestantism. His influence lasted for nearly two centuries after the beginning of the Reformation. While following in Luther’s footsteps, Calvinism evolved in different ways in different countries. Where Lutheranism remained socially conservative and loyal to established political authority, Calvinism became a force for active change.
Calvin was the first to give Protestantism a structured system. In 1537, he published his famous work, "Institutes of the Christian Religion," to systematically establish the Protestant faith. This book laid out a disciplined and orderly vision of religious life.
The difference between Luther and Calvin was not primarily in their goals—both emphasized passive loyalty at first. Calvin’s early doctrine also refrained from endorsing liberalism, constitutionalism, or representative government. Wherever possible, Calvin and his followers attempted to establish a religious state. However, Calvin also strongly emphasized the separation of the Church and the State in terms of purpose and function.
Calvin’s work can be described as a guide for living life according to God’s word, with a strong focus on discipline. Interestingly, Calvin later expressed views in support of loyalty to the monarch, yet at the same time, he declared that if a ruler became tyrannical, it was justifiable to depose him. This shift in Calvin’s thinking was largely a response to the widespread persecution of Protestants by Catholic rulers in different parts of Europe.
Still, it must be said that Calvin’s theory of resistance was never entirely rigid or absolute. It was pragmatic—adapted to the changing political and religious contexts of the time.
Very nice 👌
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