নিস্তালিনিকরণ (Destalinization)
Destalinization
After the death of Joseph Stalin in March 1953, several important changes took place within the internal and external policies of the Soviet system. Nikita Khrushchev, who succeeded Stalin as the leader of the Soviet Union, strongly criticized Stalin’s policies and reforms and gradually brought an end to the Stalinist system. This process became known as Destalinization.
Khrushchev attempted to make the Communist Party more tolerant and multidimensional by reducing strict party authoritarianism. He also tried to move the Soviet Union away from extreme anti-capitalist and anti-Western hostility. Many scholars, such as Bernstein, described this process as the “dilution of Marxism.” Khrushchev’s policies of peaceful coexistence, healthy competition, and confidence in achieving socialism through diverse approaches disappointed hardline Stalinists, but these ideas became widely popular within the Soviet bloc.
Khrushchev strengthened his own position by removing or sidelining powerful Stalinists and appointing loyal supporters to important party and administrative positions. In 1955, under Khrushchev’s initiative, the socialist states of Eastern Europe signed the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance. In April 1956, Khrushchev also dissolved the Cominform, the organization established during Stalin’s era.
Khrushchev’s anti-Stalinist policy significantly influenced Soviet international relations as well. Yugoslav leader Marshal Tito, who had earlier been expelled from the Cominform by Stalin, moved closer to the Soviet Union during Khrushchev’s period. However, Khrushchev’s policies also produced negative effects in other communist states of Eastern Europe. His seemingly liberal and pluralistic ideas encouraged political unrest in countries such as Poland and Hungary, where uprisings demanding political change took place.
At the same time, Soviet relations with the People’s Republic of China began to deteriorate. Chinese leader Mao Zedong criticized Khrushchev’s policies as “revisionist.” Mao also described the Warsaw Pact, established during Khrushchev’s rule, as a military alliance driven not by socialist ideals but by Soviet self-interest.
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