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Skandagupta: The Last Powerful Gupta Ruler
Skandagupta was the last powerful ruler of the Gupta dynasty, under whom the empire's territorial integrity remained largely intact. Information about him is available from five inscriptions, including those from Junagadh, Indore, and Bhitari, as well as from his coins.
Skandagupta was the son of Kumaragupta I, but there is controversy regarding his accession. The Junagadh inscription mentions him as Kumaragupta’s successor, while the Bihar inscription names Purugupta as Kumaragupta’s heir. Similarly, the Bhitari inscription does not mention Skandagupta. However, since both Kumaragupta’s reign ended and Skandagupta’s rule began in 136 Gupta Era (455 CE), it is widely believed that Skandagupta succeeded Kumaragupta I. Historian Brajendra Nath Mukherjee suggests that Purugupta ruled after Skandagupta, as Purugupta's coins follow Skandagupta’s weight standard (144 grains). Conversely, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar argues that Skandagupta seized the throne after a struggle with his brothers.
It is believed that Skandagupta rose to prominence during the final years of Kumaragupta’s rule by suppressing the rebellion of the Pushyamitras, which strengthened his claim to the throne. The inscriptions also indicate that he had two major enemies:
- The Mlecchas (Junagadh inscription)
- The Hunas (Bhitari inscription)
The exact identity of the Mlecchas remains unclear, though Skandagupta defeated them. Some scholars, like Dr. Raychaudhuri, identify them with the Hunas, while Brajendra Nath Mukherjee opposes this view.
Skandagupta’s greatest military achievement was his victory over the Hunas. These fierce nomadic warriors from Central Asia had already caused the downfall of the Sassanian Empire in Persia and weakened the Western Roman Empire. However, in 458 CE, Skandagupta defeated the Hunas so decisively that they did not dare to invade India for the next 50 years. For this reason, Raychaudhuri called him "Veer Shrestha" (The Greatest Hero), while Ramesh Chandra Majumdar called him "The Protector of India".
Although Skandagupta did not expand the empire, he successfully defended and preserved its territories despite immense challenges. His empire included:
- Gujarat and Kathiawar
- Large parts of Uttar Pradesh
- The Ganga-Yamuna Doab
- The Rewa region in Madhya Pradesh
Apart from military successes, Skandagupta also focused on public welfare. He is credited with renovating the Sudarshana Lake, demonstrating his concern for the well-being of his subjects.
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