বর্ণাশ্রম
ব্রাহ্মণের জন্য উপরোক্ত চারটি আশ্রমই আবশ্যিক। ক্ষত্রিয়কে প্রথম তিনটি আশ্রম পালন করতে হবে, অর্থাৎ ক্ষত্রিয়ের জন্য সন্ন্যাস নয়। বৈশ্যের জন্য প্রথম দুটি এবং শূদ্রের জন্য কেবল দ্বিতীয় আশ্রমটি নির্দিষ্ট। যদিও এগুলি ছিল নিয়মমাত্র। বাস্তবিক জীবনে এর ব্যাতিক্রম ঘটত।
Varnashrama System
One of the fundamental aspects of Vedic society in ancient India was the Varnashrama system. The social structure of Vedic civilization was theoretically built upon this system, which was a combination of the Chaturvarna (fourfold Varna system) and the Chaturashrama (fourfold stages of life). Each Varna was assigned specific Ashramas to follow. By adhering to the Varna-ashrama system, one could achieve the four primary goals of life: Dharma (righteousness), Kama (desire), Artha (wealth), and Moksha (liberation).
The Fourfold Varna System
Literally, the word Varna means color. In the early Rigvedic period, the term Varna referred to the Arya Varna and the Dasyu Varna, which were possibly distinguished based on skin color. The Aryans referred to the non-Aryans as Dasyu or Dasas (slaves). The first reference to the fourfold Varna system appears in the tenth Mandala of the Rigveda, where society was classified based on occupation into four groups:
- Brahmins – Engaged in studying and teaching the scriptures
- Kshatriyas – Responsible for governance and warfare
- Vaishyas – Involved in trade and production
- Shudras – Assigned to serving the upper three Varnas
Although this division was originally occupation-based, over time, it evolved into a caste-based hierarchical system, where the Brahmins emerged as the privileged and most respected group, while the Shudras were deprived of rights and relegated to the lowest social status.
The Four Ashramas (Stages of Life)
According to Vedic tradition, Chaturashrama refers to the division of an individual's life into four distinct phases. These are:
- Brahmacharya – The stage of education and learning
- Grihastha – The stage of household and married life
- Vanaprastha – The stage of gradually renouncing worldly life
- Sannyasa – The stage of complete renunciation to attain Moksha
In the first stage, an Aryan boy was expected to acquire knowledge of Dharma (righteousness). In the second stage, he was expected to pursue Kama (desires) and Artha (wealth) while following Dharma. The third and fourth stages were dedicated to attaining Moksha (liberation). Thus, the proper balance of these four stages was considered essential for fulfilling the ultimate goals of life (Purushartha).
For Brahmins, all four Ashramas were mandatory. The Kshatriyas were required to follow only the first three, meaning Sannyasa (renunciation) was not prescribed for them. The Vaishyas were expected to follow only the first two stages, while the Shudras were confined to the second stage (Grihastha Ashrama). However, these were theoretical rules, and in practical life, exceptions did occur.
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