মহম্মদ ঘুরির ভারত আক্রমন ও তার চরিত্র
মামুদের ভারত অভিযানের ঘটনাক্রম:
# ১১৭৫ খ্রিস্টাব্দে ঘুরি মুলতান অধিকার এবং উচ দুর্গ দখল করে নিজ মনোনীত শাসক নিয়োগ করেন।# ১১৭৭ খ্রিস্টাব্দে গুজরাট অভিযান করেন এবং গুজরাটের বাঘেল বংশীয় রাজা ভীমদেবের হাতে দারুন ভাবে পরাস্ত হন।
# ১১৭৯ খ্রিস্টাব্দে পাঞ্জাব আক্রমন করে পেশোয়ার দখল করেন। ১১৮১ খ্রিস্টাব্দে শিয়ালকোটে একটি দুর্গ নির্মাণ করেন।
# ইতিমধ্যে ঘুরি জম্মুর রাজা বিজয়দেব এর সঙ্গে মিলিত হয়ে পাঞ্জাবে শাসনরত মামুদ এর বংশধর খুসরু মালিক কে পরাজিত করেছিলেন। ১১৮৫ খ্রিস্টাব্দে এবং ১১৮৬ খ্রিস্টাব্দে তিনি পুনরায় পাঞ্জাবে লুন্ঠন চালান এবং এবারে খসরু মালিককে হত্যা করে মুলতান, সিন্ধু ও লাহোর দখল করে ভারত আক্রমণের মজবুত ভিত্তি নির্মাণ করেন।
# ১১৮৯ খ্রিস্টাব্দে ঘুরি ভাতিন্দা আক্রমন করে নিজের পছন্দের লোককে দুর্গের অধিপতি করেন।
# ১১৯১ আজমিরের চৌহান রাজা পৃথ্বীরাজ এর বিরুদ্ধে ঘুরি তরাইনের প্রথম যুদ্ধে পরাস্ত হন এবং কোনক্রমে প্রাণে বাঁচেন। একমাত্র কনৌজের জয়চাঁদ ছাড়া উত্তর ভারতের রাজপুত রাজারা পৃথ্বীরাজ এর পক্ষে ছিলেন।
ঘুরির অভিযানের প্রকৃতি:
Muhammad Ghori’s Invasion of India and Its Character
The Ghurid kingdom was situated between Ghazni and Herat in northwestern Afghanistan. Initially, it was under the control of Ghazni. However, taking advantage of Ghazni’s weakening power, the Ghurid kingdom gained independence and gradually strengthened. The two kingdoms were often engaged in conflict. As part of this rivalry, in 1173 CE, Ghurid ruler Ghiyasuddin Muhammad captured Ghazni and appointed his brother Mu'izzuddin Muhammad bin Sam as its governor. In Indian history, he is known as Muhammad Ghori. He led his Indian campaigns as a general under his elder brother.
Chronology of Muhammad Ghori’s Indian Campaigns:
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1175 CE: Ghori captured Multan and the Uch fort, appointing his own governor.
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1177 CE: He invaded Gujarat, but was soundly defeated by Bhima II of the Baghela dynasty.
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1179 CE: Ghori attacked Punjab, capturing Peshawar. In 1181, he constructed a fort in Sialkot.
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Meanwhile, aligning with the ruler of Jammu, Vijayadeva, Ghori defeated Khusrau Malik, a descendant of Mahmud of Ghazni, who ruled in Punjab. In 1185 and 1186, Ghori plundered Punjab again, killed Khusrau Malik, and secured Multan, Sindh, and Lahore, establishing a strong base for his Indian campaigns.
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1189 CE: He attacked Bathinda and installed a loyal commander there.
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1191 CE: Ghori suffered a defeat at the First Battle of Tarain against Prithviraj Chauhan of Ajmer and barely escaped with his life. Except for Jaichand of Kannauj, most Rajput rulers of northern India supported Prithviraj.
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1192 CE: Ghori returned and defeated Prithviraj Chauhan at the Second Battle of Tarain.
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1194 CE: At the Battle of Chandawar (on the banks of the Yamuna), he defeated Jaichand of Kannauj, looted the Asni fort, and destroyed many temples.
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1197 CE: His general Qutb-ud-din Aibak defeated Bhima II of Gujarat.
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1202 CE: Ghori captured the Kalinjhar fort.
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1197–1203/4 CE: His other general, Bakhtiyar Khalji, conquered Bihar and Bengal.
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1206 CE: While returning from suppressing a revolt in Punjab, Ghori was assassinated by an unknown assailant.
Nature of Muhammad Ghori’s Campaigns:
Muhammad Ghori’s invasions were essentially political in nature. Unlike his predecessor Mahmud of Ghazni, who was driven largely by a lust for plunder, Ghori had a clear objective of establishing a permanent empire in India. To fulfill this goal, he faced multiple defeats (in Gujarat and Tarain) but did not give up—he reorganized his forces and returned again and again.
However, it would be inaccurate to claim that his campaigns were entirely free from plunder or temple destruction. Though fewer in number, incidents like the plundering of Ajmer, Varanasi, and temples in the Asni fort are recorded. Still, these acts are not considered evidence of religious bigotry, since he did not promote mass religious conversion, nor did he attempt to convert defeated Hindu rulers. Like Mahmud, he employed Hindu officials and maintained good relations with subordinate Hindu kings. Furthermore, in his pursuit of empire, Ghori had to fight and defeat Muslim rulers too (e.g., Khusrau Malik).
Although Ghori may not have matched Mahmud in terms of military success, he was more successful as an empire builder. This led historian Professor Srivastava to call him the "real founder of the Turkish Empire in India." By entrusting the empire’s future to his loyal slave-general Qutb-ud-din Aibak, Ghori demonstrated strong political foresight.
Unlike Mahmud, European historian Lane-Poole did not consider Ghori a significant patron of education or culture, but it would be wrong to say that he was entirely indifferent. The renowned philosopher Fakhruddin Razi and celebrated poet Nizami were among those patronized at his court.
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